Europe and the Ottoman Empire: the end of the Middle Ages
From the fall of Constantinople and the end of the Hundred Years’ War to the Reformation, the empire of Charles V and the Ottoman victories at Chaldiran, Ridaniya and Mohács.
19 events · 3 regions · Balkans and Anatolia, Western and Central Europe, Middle East and Egypt
The year 1453 is often seen as the boundary between the Middle Ages and the early modern period: the Ottomans took Constantinople, and the Battle of Castillon ended the Hundred Years’ War. In the decades that followed, printing spread across Europe and the High Renaissance began; in England the Wars of the Roses brought the Tudors to power, and in Spain Granada, the last Muslim state on the peninsula, fell. From 1517 the Reformation split Western Christianity, while Charles V united Spain, the Netherlands, the Austrian lands and the imperial crown under his rule.
Meanwhile the Ottoman Empire became a world power. Mehmed II, checked at Belgrade, subdued the Balkans and Anatolia and crushed the Aq Qoyunlu at Otlukbeli; Selim I defeated the Safavids at Chaldiran and conquered Mamluk Egypt; Suleiman I took Belgrade, Rhodes and Baghdad, destroyed the Hungarian army at Mohács and besieged Vienna. The Ottomans’ struggle with the Habsburgs on the Danube and in the Mediterranean, and with the Safavids in the east, shaped the politics of these lands for another century and a half.
Events
- Fall of Constantinople29 May 1453 · Balkans and Anatolia
- Battle of Castillon17 July 1453 · Western and Central Europe
- Gutenberg Biblebetween 1454 and 1455 · Western and Central Europe
- Siege of Belgrade (1456)4–22 July 1456 · Balkans and Anatolia
- Wars of the Roses22 May 1455 – between 1485 and 1487 · Western and Central Europe
- Battle of Otlukbeli11 August 1473 · Balkans and Anatolia
- Battle of Bosworth Field22 August 1485 · Western and Central Europe
- Fall of Granada2 January 1492 · Western and Central Europe
- Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supperc. 1495 – 1498 · Western and Central Europe
- Battle of Chaldiran23 August 1514 · Middle East and Egypt
- Battle of Ridaniya22 January 1517 · Middle East and Egypt
- Ninety-five Theses31 October 1517 · Western and Central Europe
- Election of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor28 June 1519 · Western and Central Europe
- Accession of Suleiman the Magnificent30 September 1520 · Balkans and Anatolia
- Battle of Mohács29 August 1526 · Western and Central Europe
- Sack of Rome (1527)6 May 1527 · Western and Central Europe
- Siege of Vienna (1529)27 September – 15 October 1529 · Western and Central Europe
- Capture of Baghdad by Suleiman Ibetween November and December 1534 · Middle East and Egypt
- Publication of Copernicus’s De revolutionibus1543 · Western and Central Europe
Key participants
Sources
- Wikipedia (English): Early modern Europe
- Wikipedia (English): Ottoman Empire
- Wikipedia (English): Renaissance
- Wikipedia (English): Reformation
- Wikipedia (Russian): Раннее Новое время
- Wikipedia (Russian): Османская империя
- Wikipedia (Russian): Возрождение
- Wikipedia (Russian): Реформация
- İnalcık H. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300–1600. — London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.
- Babinger F. Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time / Ed. W. C. Hickman; transl. R. Manheim. — Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
- Еремеев Д. Е., Мейер М. С. История Турции в Средние века и Новое время. — М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1992.
- Cameron E. The European Reformation. — Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
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